Hydrocarbon oil spill cleanup and remediation in the niger delta john onwuteaka 1 1department of applied and environmental biology, rivers state university of science and. A cohort of 20 exmilitants from the urhobo speaking tribe within the nigerdelta region of nigeria that were enrolled in the amnesty program was used for this study. In northern niger, the air mountains punctuate the. As geography the energy issue oil in the niger delta. The niger delta is the delta of the niger river sitting directly on the gulf of guinea on the. The niger delta is the delta of the niger river sitting directly on the gulf of guinea on the atlantic ocean in nigeria. Oil exploration in the region and its attendant abuse on the environment has been more conspicuous in recent time. Blood oil in the niger delta united states institute of peace. Mountains to the rivers volatile delta in nigeria, the niger river africas. It has been argued that the oil producing areas of this region suffer. Formation of river deltas the formation of a river delta is a slow process. Outside of benin, the niger delta was a collection of regions controlled by different tribes and kings, for example, urhobo, delta igbos, isoko, itsekiri, oron and ijaw note that the ijaw have always been the ethnic majority group in the delta.
Evaluation of the impacts of oil spill disaster on communities and its influence on restiveness in niger delta, nigeria. Niger delta which is the bulk of crude oil reserves in the nation has over the years come under severe misinterpretation from several folks in nigeria. Oil exploration, security challenges, niger delta, environmental problems, and oil spillages. Paleogeography, paleobiogeography and the history of. The region is the 3 rd largest producer of palm, after malaysia and indonesia and the largest producer of cassava. Journal of geography, environment and earth science international 43. Geography notes form 3 free download kcse revision. This study surveyed the tourist attractions and activities in selected coastal destinations in niger delta region of nigeria using information.
Nigers history begins with the expansion of the songhai empire in. Niger delta is endowed with many coastal attractions which are yet to be fully harnessed to stabilize its environment both economically and socially. Stratigraphy and sedimentology of the niger delta 141. Water pollution mba 1996 identified the major sources of water pollution in nigeria to include industrial plants, decomposed waste, solid mineral mining activities as well as petroleum mining operations. The area around this coastline is interrupted by series of estuaries that form the niger delta swamp at the middle where the lower niger river system drains the waters of rivers niger and benue into the atlantic ocean. Evaluation of the impacts of oil spill disaster on. In northern niger, the air mountains punctuate the sahara desert with a series of nine massifs. Hydrocarbon oil spill cleanup and remediation in the niger. Many villages experienced the internal quaking of the wrath of gas flames.
The major occupation of people in the region is fishing and agriculture and the region is abundantly blessed in this respect. The present study is an attempt at filling the gap created by inadequate literature. The countrys topography and vegetation vary considerably. The niger delta, which stretches for nearly 150 miles 240 km from north to south and spreads along the coast for about 200 miles 320 km, extends over an area of 14,000 square miles 36,000 square km. Niger delta region, more than any other part of nigeria. This brief explores regional inequality in nigeria, focussing specifically on the. Within the delta the river breaks up into an in nigeria. Oil exploration and security challenges in the nigerdelta. In the niger delta, due to its oil rich region has a lot of pollution resulting from various human activities. The niger delta basin, also referred to as the niger delta province, is an extensional rift basin located in the niger delta and the gulf of guinea on the passive continental margin near the western coast of nigeria with suspected or proven access to cameroon, equatorial guinea and sao tome and principe. Pdf ecosystem of the niger delta region of nigeria. As a sedimentary basin, the niger delta en compasses a region that is much larger than the geographical extent of the modern delta constructed. About 25% of total spills in niger delta between 1976 and 1999 was in.
Phd dissertation sustainable environmental management in the niger delta region of nigeria. The data analysis technique utilized in this study is content analysis of data. Instead, the present work draws inspiration from the political geography of the niger delta, and puts the physical area at the center of its analysis. In 1885 at the berlin conference, the european powers attempted to resolve their conflicts of interest in africa by allotting areas of exploitation. In the lower part of the country 2% of the land is covered with forests and woodlands.
Geographical, historical and political profiles of nigeria. Characteristic landforms in this region include oxbow lakes, river meander belts see meander, and prominent levees. Rainfall increases as one proceeds southward so that the country divides naturally into three distinct. Niger extends for about 750 miles 1,200 km from north to south and about 930 miles 1,460 km from east to west. Since the insurgency broke out in 2004, nigerias oil production has been significantly reduced, from about 2. The highest point of the country, mont idoukalntaghes at 6,633 ft 2,022 m, is located in the south central region of the air mountains. Niger delta geographical region, africa britannica. The conferees also enunciated the principle, known as the dual mandate, that the interests of both europe and. This course pdfsharp example code will give you an introduction to the nature of the physical. What makes the niger s inland delta an unusual physical feature. Nigeria shares borders with cameroon 1,690 kilometers in the east, niger 1,497 kilometers in the north, benin 773 kilometers in the west, and chad 87 kilometers. Start studying as geography the energy issue oil in the niger delta case study exploitation of energy and opportunities. The geographic focus of the project is on the four core nigerian.
Geographic information based on 1km avhrrsatellite data spanning. Nigeria has an area of 923,768 square kilometers, including about,000 square kilometers of water. According to ikporukpo, 2000, 98% of the transportation of crude oil in nigeria, take place within the niger delta region because of the numerous oil fields, flow stations and terminals, through which crude oil flows. In nigeria the petroleum industry is booming because of the rich oil that comes out of the beautiful land. The niger delta is a vast lowlying region through which the waters of the niger river drain into the gulf of guinea. Potentials and threats find, read and cite all the research you need on. Whereas existing literatures engages with the niger delta as a. Nigeria shares land borders with the republic of benin in the west, chad and cameroon in the east, and. Physical geography of west africa the 8 million square kilometers and 17 countries covered by this atlas encompass a wide range of landscapes from alluvial valleys in senegal and ghana, sandy plains and low plateaus across the sahel, and rolling hills of togo to rugged mountains with summits reaching over 1,500 m in guinea and 1,800 m in niger. However, the research gives a concise and historical view of niger delta region, which dispassionately and scholarly the.
Even with the growth of oilrevenues to the delta states now standing at % the region remains desperately poor, and it is the deepening material and political grievances. The work shows that conflicts in the niger delta are precipitated by agelong animosities arising from land disputes, territorial claims, chieftancy tussles and demand for political autonomy fueled in the contemporary moment by petrocapitalism petrorelations and blurred by the spoils of oil. Physical geography of nigeria pdf css 108 geography of nigeria is a first semester, 100level, threecredit. It is hundreds of miles from the coast, but looks like a river the flows into the sea. The coastal sedimentary basin of nigeria has been the scene of three depositional cycles. Delta, to the niger delta, the greatest opportunities will come from. The first began with a marine incursion in the middle cretaceous and was terminated by a mild folding phase in santonian time. Geothermal energy is environmentally friendly, clean and. Land, streams and creeks are totally and continually polluted, the atmosphere is forever charged with hydrocarbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Pdf gender, sustainable peace and development in niger. Mar 27, 2017 the delicate nature and abundant endowment of the niger delta mangrove swamp and freshwater ecosystem contrasts against the background of wanton pollution and degradation of the freshwater ecosystem in the region by a variety of sources ranging from oil spills, dredging, dumping of toxic wastes, seismic activities and waste water disposal into freshwater bodies in the region. The rebel group in nigerias oilproducing region, the movement for the emancipation of the niger delta, declared a ceasefire in september.
Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Little is known of nigers prehistory, although humans have lived in the region for nearly 23. The company name changed to the national africa company which in 1886 was granted a royal charter equivalent of incorporation at the time authorizing the company to administer the niger delta and the country on the banks of the benue and niger rivers. The rainfall ranges from 2000 millimeters in the southern coastal zone to 500 750 millimeters in the north. Niger delta niger delta facts history of niger delta. Rainfall seasonality in the niger delta belt, nigeria. Oil exploration and poverty in the niger delta region of. The devastating effects of environmental degradation a case. Geography of river deltas formation and importance.
Its geographic coordinates are longitude 16n and latitude 8e. As rivers flow toward their outlets from higher elevations, they deposit mud, silt, sand, and gravel particles at the mouths where rivers and larger, more sedentary bodies of water meet. Nigerias primary natural resources consist of natural gas, petroleum, tin, iron ore, coal, limestone, niobium, lead, and zinc. This delicate mangrove swamp of the niger delta covers a coastline of 560 km 2.
Generally, sediments belonging to the benin group represent the subaerially exposed part of the delta fig. The broad, mostly level valleys of the niger and benue rivers form nigerias largest physical region. Nigeria has many rolling rivers such as the niger river delta and estuary that cross the rivers. The niger delta has been defined for a variety of political, ecological and geological purposes, but the conventional geographical perimeter extends from the. Effects of hydrocarbon pollution on local economy a thesis approved by the faculty of environmental sciences and process engineering at the brandenburg university of technology cottbus in partial. An estimate of oil window in nigeria niger delta basin. Nigeria has borders with niger to the north, chad across lake chad to the northeast, cameroon to the east and benin to the west. In the ongoing debates about the niger delta region of nigeria, significant emphasis has been placed on the devastation of the environment by oil and gas exploration which has resulted to excruciating poverty. The understanding that the past and present history of a people is etched in their sociopolitical geography inspires this focus. Geography notes kcse form 3 topics form 3 geography syllabus. It is typically considered to be located within nine coastal southern nigerian states, which include.
The stations are too few to make adequate generalization for a large area like the niger delta that covered over 29,100 km 2 ogunkoya and efi, 2003. This basin is very complex, and it carries high economic value as it contains a very. What makes the nigers inland delta an unusual physical feature. Niger delta region is the geographical heart of crude oil exploration in nigeria from where the nation earns up to 99. The niger enters the country from the northwest, the benue from the northeast. The nigerdelta has suffered the degradation effects of oil exploration and exploitation. In late 2005, a new and well organized militant group the movement for the emancipation of the niger delta mend exploded out of the creeks of the western delta promising to close down the oil industry watts 2005. Regional inequality and the niger delta overseas development. The niger delta region of nigeria has recently been known for a spate of violence and unrest, which lead the federal government of nigerias decision in formulating a regional development master. Chapter 5 section 1 geography of africa flashcards. The niger basin has an area of 584 193 km2 within the country. The niger delta is a vast lowlying region through which the waters of.
Curse of the black gold, hope, and betrayal on the niger delta february 2007. The third longest river in africa, the niger river, runs in a crescent from the guinea highlands through mali, and makes up part of the benin niger border. Niger delta is home to a fullygrown local insurgency. Niger delta by 1 while 3 reported a geothermal gradient range of 1. Official pdf, 166 pages world bank documents world bank group. The capital of nigeria is abuja which is located at the centre of nigeria. Niger is a landlocked nation in west africa located along the border between the sahara and subsaharan regions. Officially the republic of niger, this landlocked country of western africa is nearly completely covered by the saharan desert. Niger s history begins with the expansion of the songhai empire in the 15th century. Chapter 5 section 1 geography of africa flashcards quizlet.
Apr 10, 2019 formation of river deltas the formation of a river delta is a slow process. Pdf on jul 26, 2018, sylvester chibueze izah and others published ecosystem of the niger delta region of nigeria. Delta, core delta, geographical definition of niger delta, definition of. Pdf the causes of environmental degradation and biodiversity depletion arising from the activities of the oil industry. For the niger delta describe and explain how the exploitation of a named energy source has brought both benefits and problemsa.
Geography, climate and vegetation embassy of nigeria, beirut. Bight of biafra lake chad n i g e r d e l t a gulf of guinea bight of benin federal capital territory benue portonovo ndjamena lere diffa banyo foumban goure ngaoundere. It tends to monotony in its features, is intersected by numerous depressions, and is dominated by arid highlands in the north. Nigeria is located in west africa on the gulf of guinea between benin and cameroon. Undp project document niger delta biodiversity project. Amnesty refers to a general pardon of offence by government or. To the south, the gulf of guinea is indented by the bight of benin and the bight of biafra. Procedia engineering 212 2018 1054a1061 18777058 a 2018 the authors. Previous understandings included two stations namely port harcourt and warri. Introduction akwa ibom state is one of the thirtysix states that makeup nigeria and one of the nine oil and gas producing states of the niger delta region in. The devastating effects of environmental degradation a. These rivers play a big role in farming,bathing and survival for the people that live in the regions of nigeria. Little is known of niger s prehistory, although humans have lived in the region for nearly 23.
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